Recently, more CSF biomarkers reflecting other biological processes in AD have emerged, such as axonal injury and synaptic dysfunction (NfL, neurogranin (NG), synaptosomal-associated protein 25, visinin-like protein 1), 366,367,372 neuroinflammation (TREM2, YKL40, S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)), 371,376,377,378 changes in neurotrophic protein levels (BDNF and NGF), 379 BBB disruption (soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor-), 380 and metabolic changes (sphingomyelin, ceramide, fatty acid-binding protein 3, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1)
Materials and Method 2.1
For Youths Pick: Our Age Defence System bundles NAD+ boosters, glutathione, and spermidine to tackle aging at the cellular level.
(PubMed) Jujic A, Molvin J, Schomburg L, et al