This model reliably recapitulates human POI, characterized by increased follicular atresia, reduced ovarian reserve, impaired steroidogenesis, and disrupted reproductive hormone levels ( In rodent studies, D-galactose induces notable oxidative damage markers such as elevated ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and upregulated senescence-associated proteins including p16 INK4a ( 5.2 Nutritional models of HFD Nutritional models using a HFD have extensively elucidated links between metabolic dysfunction, lipotoxicity, and ovarian oxidative stress
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For example, zinc can directly interact with certain kinases in the pathway, affecting their phosphorylation and activation status
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