Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that reduced GSH levels in tumor cells promoted cell death, while elevated levels inhibited cell death [18]
It then travels through the bloodstream and embeds itself in cell and mitochondrial membranes.16 Unlike most carotenoids, astaxanthin can span the entire lipid bilayer of those membranes with one end anchored in the outer layer and the other reaching into the inner layer
Dvorkov M, Sivonov M, Trebatick J, Skodcek I, Waczulikov I, Muchov J, Durackov Z
Futhermore, GSH was found to reduce ERp57 rapidly at physiological concentrations in vitro , and biotinylated glutathione formed mixed disulphides with ERp57, confirming earlier work showing that glutathione forms a mixed disulphide with ERp57 in intact cells (Fratelli et al , 2002)