Alterations in the normal function of excitatory amino acid carrier 1 affect cysteine transport and GSH synthesis impairing zinc homeostasis (the thiol group of GSH can function as a principal Zn 2+ chelator for the maintenance of Zn 2+ homeostasis in neurons) and oxidative stress, enhancing susceptibility to ischemia-induced neuronal cell death in the hippocampus (162164)
ROS are produced in response to a variety of stimuli, such as ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoke, alcohol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and infections
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Historically the use of copper ionophores such as PBT2 have failed to produce efficacious results in clinical trials (Summers et al., 2022), but crucially they have been investigated without the addition of copper, probably due to the theory that it was primarily to disaggregate copper loaded plaques, in which case PBT2 would act as a chelator (Drew, 2017)