The current standard for drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB) is a 6-month regimen comprising isoniazid (INH), rifampin (also known as rifampicin) (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB), starting with a 2-month intensive phase of all four drugs, followed by 4 months of INH and RIF (Nyangwa et al., 2022), led to the introduction of 69 months regimens of bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, with or without moxifloxacin (BPaL-M or BPaL, respectively), offering improved outcomes compared to older treatment strategies ( On this ground the WHO updated its DR-TB treatment guidelines in 2022 (WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis, 2024), recommending the 6-month BPaL-M regimen for MDR/Rifampicin-Resistant (RR)-TB in patients unexposed to bedaquiline, pretomanid, or linezolid (Vanino et al., 2023)
Development of perifollicular fibrosis and micro-inflammation, leading to a deficit of active estrogen
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Mediator secretion from human skin mast cells provoked by immunological and non-immunological stimulation
