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When Smurf2 interacts with SNON, SKI, and Smad7, it causes renal fibrosis, but Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 prevent renal fibrosis when they are ubiquitinated[49]

Intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation level Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured on the basis of the intracellular peroxide-dependent oxidation of DCFH-DA (S0033S, Beyotime) to form the fluorescent compound 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF)

Glutathione, conversely, is a tripeptide (three amino acids bonded together) that functions as the body's master antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting detoxification pathways

The peptide's effects were mediated through the downregulation of miR-339-5p expression, which was found to be part of the p38 MAPK pathway