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Impaired activity of methionine synthase results in elevated blood concentrations of homocysteine, while impaired activity of L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase results in increased concentrations of a metabolite of methylmalonyl-CoA called methylmalonic acid (MMA) in blood and urine

B12 also helps prevent complications like preeclampsia and preterm birth by regulating homocysteine levels, promoting healthy placental and vascular function

In rare cases, side effects may include allergic reactions, swelling, chest tightness, or difficulty breathing

Effect of folic acid supplementation on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials