3.3.3 GPX4-independent ferroptosis pathways In addition to GPX4-dependent antioxidant system in ferroptosis, so far there are alternative identified ferroptosis pathways, including ferroptosis suppressor protein 1(FSP1)/coenzyme Q10 (Co Q10) (Mao et al., 2021), GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1)/ tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) (Kraft et al., 2020), 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) (Cao et al., 2025), and phospholipid modifying enzymes MBOAT1/2 (Li et al., 2023)
This decline correlates directly with reduced collagen synthesis and visible signs of skin aging
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Each category demands a different level of clinical confidence, and conflating them does a disservice to patients trying to make informed decisions about their healthspan
