Other B vitamins, including B2 (Riboflavin), B5 (Pantothenic), B6 (Pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folate), and B12, promote enzyme activity essential for alcohol metabolism
Wong K-Y, Nie Z, Wong M-S et al (2024) Metal-drug coordination nanoparticles and hydrogels for enhanced delivery
Specifically, high homocysteine inhibits complex I-III, directly impacting the ability of mitochondria to produce ATP.[ref] High homocysteine and chronic diseases: High homocysteine can cause chronic health conditions by: Increasing oxidative stress Causing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress Incorporation into proteins in the place of methionine Mendelian randomization studies can be used to show a cause-and-effect relationship between a marker, such as homocysteine, and a disease
A decrease in the antioxidant capacity of the brain may have functional consequences through cell damage, chronic inflammation, protein, and DNA damage