While effective for symptom control, NSAIDs carry risks of gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, cardiovascular events, renal impairment, and impaired bone and tendon healing
However, large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans are absent, limiting evidence for clinical safety and efficacy claims
Studies showed that the N -10 glucuronide was only detected in the plasma and urine of humans and not in mice, rats, or monkeys, with only a trace detected in dog urine [7]
In addition to the widely established IR-Tac, granulate formulation extended release (ER)-Tac (Advagraf) with a prolonged drug release (90% absorption after 612 h) and LCP-Tac (Envarsus) with an additional improved bioavailability have been established in clinical practice, reviewed in detail by Piotti et al