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Further, although several previous studies have evaluated GSH levels in various extracellular compartments, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, these studies generally focused on alterations in GSH:GSSG balance in association with disease, or the consumption of GSH during prostaglandin or leukotriene synthesis, with more modest phenotypic, pathophysiologic, or mechanistic information (4, 5)

whereas GIP enhances insulin secretion and affects fat metabolism and -cell proliferation (72, 73)

The systematic review protocol is available upon request

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1780815 Received 04 January 2026 Revised 30 March 2026 Accepted 30 April 2026 Published 05 June 2026 Volume 17 - 2026 Edited by Galina Sudina, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Reviewed by Shangkun Ou, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, China Hyeongjwa Choi, Chungnam National University Hospital, Republic of Korea Updates Copyright 2026 Gallo Afflitto, Fanelli, Petrone, Chirico, Ceccarelli, Martucci, Minutolo, Aiello, Garaci, Matteucci and Nucci